Thank God that Muhammadiyah and NU setting 1 Syawal 1432 Hijrah simultaneously how indahya and enakya, but when the results of visual sighting of the moon will be undertaken at some point and its results should be different then we must also accept that the difference between Muhammadiyah and NU as different ways to determine the date 1 Ramadan and 1 Syawal 1432 Hijrah
establishing a day of Shawwal 1432 will differ between the government establishment (confirmation) is expected to establish a Shawwal 1432 H falls on Wednesday (31 / 8) with Muhammadiyah's decision that since the beginning of Shawwal establish a fall on Tuesday (30 / 8). It is also evident from their calendar that lists the 1st Shawwal is different from the official calendar. While NU, Persis certain to follow the government's decision berlebaran on Wednesday (31 / 8) because by chance based on the criteria they use produces the same conclusion.
syawal 1432
Monday (29 / 8) afternoon is the time of the rukyatul new moon to determine the beginning of Shawwal 1432 Hijri. That evening for the Yogyakarta area, sunset at 17:38 pm at azimuth 279 ° 22 'or 9.3 ° in the North West point. High-Hilal (Moon) when the sun went down 1.8 ° above the horizon in the Southern sun. Moon sets at 17:47 pm on azimuth 273 ° 12 '. In this condition astronomically impossible to dirukyat Hilal. Then why leave rukyat? Well at least make sure the new moon is not visible.
Early Prediction Theory Month by Various
1. According to the criteria Rukyat Hilal (Hilal Visibility Theory) Theory of the latest Hilal Visibility has been built by astronomers in the global moon observation project, known as the Islamic Crescent Observation Project (ICOP) based in Jordan, based on about 700 more new moon observation data are considered valid. This theory states that the moon might just get dirukyat if the distance the Moon and the Sun angle of at least 6.4 ° (previously 7 °) which is known as the "Danjon limit". Hilal Visibility Curves as a result of theoretical calculations indicate that for the region around the equator (Indonesia) The new moon may dirukyat using the naked eye at a height above a minimum of 6 °. Under it to a height above the 4 ° necessary visual aids such as telescopes and the like.
View a location map of Indonesia according to visibility above in accordance with the theory of visibility of the new moon then the whole territory of Indonesia's nearly impossible to see the new moon on the first day ijtimak evening after sunset walaupu using a telescope. Thus, the effect ISTIKMAL so early months will fall on: Wednesday, August 31, 2011 Nahdlatul Ulama (NU) which uses rukyat as the basis for determining the beginning of the month still to admit testimony rukyat provided that its height above the limit imkanurrukyat 2 ° even with just the naked eye. While in the preparation of their calendar using the criteria imkanurrukyat NU 2 ° unconditional Hilal elongation and age.
2. According to the criteria Hisab Imkanur Rukyat GoI through the meeting of Ministers of Religious Affairs of Brunei, Indonesia, Malaysia and Singapore (MABIMS) establish criteria that called Imkanurrukyat formally used for determining the start of the month on the Islamic Calendar of those countries which states: Hilal considered visible and the day set as the beginning of next month if it meets the AH one of the following terms: (1) When the sun goes down, the height of the Moon above the horizon of not less than 2 ° and (2) curved Moon-Sun distance (elongation angle) is not less than 3 °. Or (3) When the moon goes down, the age of the Moon is not less than 8 hours after the conjunction / ijtimak apply. These criteria that guide the Government of Indonesia to develop a calendar Indonesia Taqwim Standard used in the determination of an official national holiday. By these criteria also isbat Determination Assembly decision Beginning Month of Ramadan, Shawwal and Zulhijjah "unpredictable results". Union of Islamic Organizations (Persis) has recently adopted this criterion as a basis for establishing the initial month. Latter criterion is used only by Indonesia and Malaysia, while Singapore uses Hisab Wujudul Hilal and Brunei Darussalam using Rukyatul Hilal Visibility based theory. According to Hilal the Height Map, on the first day Imkanurrukyat MABIMS ijtimak terms were not met. Thus ISTIKMAL enforced so early fall on: Wednesday, August 31, 2011.
3. According to the criteria Hisab Wujudul Hilal Muhammadiyah Islamic calendar in preparation for both social and worship (Ramadan, Shawwal and Zulhijjah) using a criterion called "Essential Hisab Wujudul Hilal". This criterion states that the beginning of Hijri month starts when it has fulfilled the following three criteria: 1) there has been ijtimak (conjunction), 2) ijtimak (conjunctions) that occurs before sunset, and 3) when the sun disc above the Moon is above the horizon (new moon has been in existence). All three of these criteria is a cumulative usage, in the sense that all three must be fulfilled at once. If one is not met, then the new moon had not yet begun. Or in sederhanya language can be translated as follows: "If after ijtimak, the Moon sets after the setting of the sun then the night was set as the beginning of Hijri months without seeing any point of the height of the Moon at Sunset". Based on the position of moon at sunset in some parts of Indonesia then the moon wujudul requirements are met. So earlier this month set to fall on: Tuesday, August 30, 2011.
4. According to Criterion Global Universal Hejri Hijri Calendar Calendar (UHC) is the Hijri calendar Mawaqit Global proposal of the Committee of the Arab Union for Astronomy and Space Sciences (AUASS) based on the results of the 2nd Conference of Islamic Atronomi Jordanians in Amman in 2001. This universal calendar divides the world into two regions so often called Bizonal Hejri Calendar. East Zone covers 180 ° East ~ 20 ° west, while the West Zone covers 20 ° West ~ Americas. The criteria used still refers to the visibility of new moon (Danjon Limit).
On the first day ijtimak West zone and East zone has not been included in the criteria Danjon Limit. Thus the beginning of the month in each zone will fall on: Eastern Zone: Tuesday, August 30, 2011. Western Zone: Wednesday, August 31, 2011.
5. According to the criteria Rukyat Hilal of Saudi Arabia The lack of understanding on the development and modernization of astronomy which is owned by the perukyat often led to misidentification of the object called "Hilal" either "intentionally false" or unintentional. Claims against the appearance by a person of the new moon or new moon when the group perukyat still under "limit visibility" or even when the new moon is below the horizon are common. It's not news anymore that the Saudis often do rukyat istbat to report that "controversy".
Saudi official calendar called "Umm Al-Qura" which has been repeatedly changing the criteria is only intended as a calendar for non-worship. While the Saudis continue to worship using the moon as a base rukyat establishment. Unfortunately, this designation is often based only on reports rukyat of a person without any form of clarification and confirmation of the validity of the report if it is in accordance with the rules of science, especially astronomy Hilal Visibility Theory. Hilal elevation diagram in Mecca on the first day ijtimak.
According to Umm Al-Qura Calendar ': This calendar is used for public purposes Saudi non-worship. The criteria used is "There has been ijtimak and moon setting after sunset in Makkah" then the afternoon it was declared as the beginning of a new moon. On the first day ijtimak / conjunctions condition is eligible. Thus the beginning of the month will fall on: Tuesday, August 30, 2011.
According to the criteria Rukyatul Hilal Saudi Arabia: Saudi Rukyatul hilal used exclusively for the determination of the initial month of Ramadan, Shawwal and Zulhijjah. Kaidahnya simple "If there are reports of one or more rukyat observer / witness who is considered honest and willing sworn it was enough as a basis for determining the beginning of the month without the need to do test of science on the truth of the report". Looking at the position Hilal, impossible hilal can dirukyat in Arabia on the first day ijtimak However, as previously estimated there are habits that claim successfully rukyat (claim) so the beginning of the month will fall on: Tuesday, August 30, 2011. If there are no reports rukyat (should) then the beginning of the month will fall on: Wednesday, August 31, 2011.
6. Initial Criteria Month Other Countries As we know officially Indonesia with Malaysia, Brunei and Singapore through the meeting the Minister of Religious Affairs of Brunei, Indonesia, Malaysia and Singapore (MABIMS) have agreed on a criteria for determining the beginning of Komariyahnya known as the "Criteria Imkanurrukyat MABIMS" months of age> 8 hours, high moon> 2 ° and elongation> 3 °. Later this criterion was only used by Indonesia and Malaysia alone. While using Hisab Wujudul Singapore and Brunei Darussalam Hilal using Rukyatul Hilal Visibility based theory. According to the Worldwide Moonsighting Committee earlier this month the determination was different in each country. There are still firmly maintain hilal rukyatul bil fi'li some are beginning to switch using a reckoning or calculation.
Here are some picture of determination of the official beginning of the month Komariyah used in some countries:
1. Hilal Rukyatul based on the testimony Perukyat (Qadi) and carried out the review of the results of scientific rukyat among others, by countries: Bangladesh, India, Pakistan, Oman, Morocco, Trinidad and Brunei Darussalam.
2. Reckoning with the criteria of the month after the sun goes down with the first beginning ijtimak (moonset after sunset). These criteria are used by Saudi Arabia at the Umm Al-Qura calendar, but especially for Ramadan, Shawwal and Zulhijjah use rukyat guidelines.
3. Saudi Arabia follow the example countries: Qatar, Kuwait, United Arab Emirates, Bahrain, Yemen and Turkey, Iraq, Jordan, Palestine, Lebanon and Sudan.
4. Reckoning the moon goes down at least 5 minutes after sunset and after ijtimak used by the Egyptian state.
5. Waiting for news from the neighboring country -> adopted by New Zealand to follow Australia and Suriname following the country Guyana.
6. Following the first Muslim country successfully rukyat -> Caribbean Islands
7. Reckoning with the criteria of age months, height-month lapse of time or setting moon and the sun -> adopted by Algeria, Turkey, Tunisia and Malaysia.
8. Ijtimak Qablal Fajr before dawn or occurrence ijtimak adopted by the Libyan state.
9. Ijtimak occurred before sunset in Makkah and moon setting after sunset in Makkah -> adopted by the Muslim community in Europe and North America (ISNA)
10. Nigeria and some other countries do not keep using one criterion and change from year to year
11. Using the Naked Eye Rukyat: Namibia, Angola, Zimbabwe, Zambia, Mozambique, Botswana, Swaziland and Lesotho.
12. Ahmadiyya, Bohra, Ismaili, as well as some worshipers (orders) are still using a very simple urfi reckoning.
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