Ceremonial Ngaben - Bali - Indonesia

Ngaben generally defined as a cremation ceremony, despite the etymological origin, it was not right. Because there is no tradition Ngaben through cremation. Ngaben fact, comes from the word meaning beya costs or provisions, said this in a sentence beya active (doing work) into meyanin. Meyanin word has become the standard language for mentioning wadhana sawa ceremony. Can also called Ngabeyain. These words then spoken by a short, become Ngaben.

Meyanin Ngaben or in any other standard terms mentioned in the palm is atiwa-atiwa. Atiwa said the program could not find their origins, probably from the original language Nusantara (Austronesian), considering this type of ceremony we also met at the Dayak, in kalimantan called tiwah. Similarly, we hear the Batak tibal called to mention that the ceremony after the death.
Ceremony Ngaben or meyanin, or atiwa-atiwa also, for Hindus in the mountains known as the Tengger entas-entas. Entas words remind us of the main ceremony in Bali Ngaben. Namely Tirta pangentas serving to break up the love of the atma (spirit) with the physical body and deliver to the natural pitara atma.

In other languages in Bali, which connotes soft, it is called Palebon Ngaben derived from the word meaning prathiwi dust or dirt. Thus Palebon means making prathiwi (ash). To make the land there are two ways ie by burning and planted into the ground. But how to burn is the fastest.

Places to process a land called arealnya called pemasmian and tunon. Tunon tunu comes from the word meaning to burn. While pemasmian derived from the word meaning Exterminate destroyed. Another Tunon Setra or she is increasingly. Setra means tegal while increasingly comes from the word meaning smasana Durga. Goddess Durga bersthana in this Tunon.
Among the above opinion, there's one more opinion-related question. Ngaben said that it comes from the word "fire". Said the fire had presfiks "ng" to "ngapi" and have the suffix "an" becomes "ngapian" that after experiencing the password to "ngapen". And because there is a change phoneme "p" becomes "b" sound changes according to law "bpmw 'then becomes" Ngaben'. Thus Ngaben word meaning "to fire".

The fire is here is Brahma (the Creator). That means atma the dead through ritual Ngaben will lead the Brahma-loka linggih as a manifestation of Brahma in Creating Hyang Widhi (utpeti).
Indeed there are two types of fire used in the ceremony of Fire Ngaben scale (concrete) is the fire that used to burn the corpse or the death and pengawak Fire Void (abstract) derived from the Vedas The Sulinggih as the work of burned pemuput impurities that attach to the spirit . This process is called "mralina".

In between the two types of fire in the ceremony that Ngaben, was higher and the absolute value is important is timeless fire or flame praline that emerged from the Sulinggih. The Sulinggih (the muput) will appeal to Lord Shiva to come down into the body (Siwiarcana) to do "pralina '. Maybe because the fire is considered more absolute praline / important, in some mountainous areas in Bali have Ngaben ceremony without having to burn the bodies with fire, but enough to bury him. Ceremony Ngaben this type is called "when tanem or mratiwi". So there was also a ceremony without the use of fire Ngaben (scale). But the timeless fire / fire praline still used by Vedic Sulinggih and facilities and Tirtha Tirtha pangentas praline.

Apart from the issue of fire which is more important. Specifically about the presence of fire scale is functioning as a tool that will accelerate the melting process sthula sarira (gross weight) derived from the Five Mahabutha to blend back into the Five Great Mahabhuta this universe. The process of acceleration of the return of the Panca elements Mahabhuta will certainly accelerate the purification process also atma to get to the nature Swahloka (Dewa Pitara) so that the corrected proper dilinggihkan / Mrajan to worship. Of course, after the ceremony "mamukur" which is a continuation of "Ngaben".

Philosophical Basis
Human beings consist of two elements is physically and mentally. According to human Hinduism ituterdiri of three layers namely Raga Sarira, Suksma Sarira, and Antahkarana Sarira. Sports Sarira is rough body. Body born of passion (ragha) between the mother and father. Suksma Sarira is astral body, or the subtle body consisting of mind, feelings, desires, and passions (love, Manah, Indriya and Ahamkara). Antahkarana Sarira is a cause of life or Trance Atma (Spirit).
Sarira or Ragha human body consists of roughly five mahabhuta elements prthiwi ie, apah, sratumarga, slave, and akasa. Prthiwi the ground element, namely the body parts of a solid, substance Liquid apah is, the body parts of a liquid, such as blood, lymph, sweat, milk etc.. Teja is the heat of the fire (temperature), the emotion. Bayu is the wind, which is the breath. And the Akasa is the ether, the body element that makes the finest hair, nails.

The process of Ragha Sarira or body is roughly as follows: sari-sari Panca Maha Bhuta available in a variety of foods taste consists of six so-called sad sense of Madhura (sweet), Amla (sour), Tikta (bitter), Kothuka (spicy ), kyasa (Sepet) and lawana (salted). Sad think is eaten and drunk by humans, which is processed in the body in addition to power, he became kama. Kama bang (Ovum / egg) and white kama (sperm). In the second kama pesanggamaan met and mingled through the condensation menjadilah he fetus, the baby's body. The rest became nyom water, blood Lamas (kakere) and the placenta.

Kama second mixture can be a fetus, when the atma in or out to them. It is said that this atma kama element into the mix is, when mother and father in a state of forgetting, in the sense of fun to enjoy. Besides the Panca Maha Bhuta which later turned into a fetus Panca Tan also joined Matra, which is fine seed of the Panca Maha Bhuta. Panca Tan Matra in the fetus a baby is also process itself into Suksma Sarira, namely Citta, Manah, Indriya and Ahamkara. Citta consists of three elements is called the Tri Guna, namely Sattwam, Rajas, Tama. These three elements form the human character. Manah is the nature of thoughts and feelings, desires and indriya nature is ahamkara natural self. These elements is called Suksma Sarira. This transparent nature can record and accommodate the results done by the controlling body Citta said. This marks a later charge for the Atma (spirit) which will go to nature Pitra.

When the man had died Suksma Sarira with Atma will leave the body. Atman which had so long united with Sarira, the confines of Suksma Sarira, it's hard to leave the agency. And the body can not function, because some parts are damaged. This is a misery for the Atma (spirit).
For not too long hindered atma gone, need bodies at roughly upacarakan to speed the return to the source, nature of the Panca Maha Bhuta. Similarly, for the atma have made the ceremony to go to the nature Pitra and its ties with the agency decided to rough. This process is called Ngaben.

If the ceremony is not performed Ngaben within a period long enough, the body would be roughly germs, called Bhuta Cuwil, and Atmanya will mendaptkan Hell, as described:

"Yan mapendhem ring wwang die prathiwi salawasnya tan-kinenan Widhi widhana, yellow byakta Bhuana matemahan rogha, Haro Haro gering mrana ring rat, etemahan gadgad"
Means

"If the dead buried in the ground, selamnya not diupacarakan diaben, really will be a disease of the earth, chaos in the world mrana pain, became gadgad (body) ...."

Ngaben main runway was five frame of Hinduism called Panca Sradha or five beliefs are:
1. Belief / Brahman: Brahman is the origin of the creation of the universe and its contents, including humans. He is also the ultimate goal is the return of all creation. In Arjuna Wiwaha Kekawin briefly formulated by the sentence Sangkan Paraning Dumadi as long as he does and the return of the universe and all its contents. Based on this belief, the ceremony was conducted with the aim to restore all the elements that make man into their home. As well as the goal of Hinduism is Hita Yes Moksartham Universe Ca Iti Dharma, which means that the ultimate goal of Hinduism is to attain Moksha. Where Moksha can be defined as the process of merging of Atman with Brahman or Atman with Brahman Aikyam terms, the concept of Hinduism is to re-unite with the creator (Brahman / God), in which God is the origin of all life.

2. Atman (soul): The belief in the existence of Atman in each human body. He who raises all creatures, including humans. Atman is a small drop (Atum) of Brahman. A center after it was time, he will return to the sacred origin, atma need purified. This is what requires the ceremony.

3. Karma: Human life can not get away from work. Work was encouraged by suksma sarira (Budi, Manah, Indria, and Aharalagawa) each job will berpahala. Work is good (Subha karma) berpahala good also. Working Poor (Asubha karma) will result in ugliness as well. This karmic reward will be a burden will return keasalnya atma. Even more bad karma fruit. He is the atma that will load into the nature threw down (Hell). Therefore, people need to try to free him. For the Yogi he was able to free his sins without the help of facilities and other infrastructure. But for the ordinary man, he needed help. The things is what causes the need for Ngaben ceremony, which was one of its aspects will redeem and sanctify these sins.

4. Samsara: means suffering. Atma repeatedly born into this world. Gratitude if the birth becomes the main man, or at least be human. It is very suffer when born into an animal. Therefore Ngaben ceremony to be carried out, which one of his goals is to release the atma to be returned to their home. This is symbolized by Tirtha pangentas and escape characters such as rurub awning, recedana, and others.

5. Moksha: means eternal happiness. This is what makes the foundation for all human beings. And this is the goal of Hinduism. Moksa attaining it, atma must be purified. His sins should be released. Attachment to worldly need to be disconnected, then finally he must be united with its source. This is a basic concept Ngaben ceremony, and last memukur Dewa Hyang Ngalinggihang on Kamulan or Mother objected Dengen. This implies together with the source Atman (Kamulan Kawitan) or in other words to reach Moksha (although this is just business and fantasies pretisantana).

Elements Metaphysics in Ngaben
After knowing the purpose and objectives and philosophical basis. The author will try to express metaphysical elements contained in Ngaben ceremony. Departure from ontology (general metaphysics) which attempted to answer the question and held a general description of the existing structures or the absolute reality applies to all types of reality (that is). The fundamental reality is believed to be the source and meaning of it by Sontag (1970:4) referred to as the "main principles" (the first principle). Every philosopher or flow in first understand the principles used in ways that are different, therefore in our philosophical approach to find a few models, from the traditional to the most contemporary. The approach was developed from the model of thought kosmosentris, theosentris, anthropocentric, logosentris, and to gramatologisentris. Each has its own character, point of departure, perspectives, and different orientations.
Has been determined that the ceremony Ngaben regarded as "symbolic delivery atma (soul) to the natural Pitra (heaven)". The process of natural delivery to Pitra atma is the main principle then poured through the symbol of the ceremony called Ngaben. Therefore, "the process of delivery of atma (soul) to the natural Pitra (heaven)" is a first principle in ontology Ngaben ceremony.

Basic Law
Ngaben is one of the traditional Hindu ceremony that goes into the scope of Pitra Yajna ceremony. Where is the Pitra holy Yajna is an offering to the ancestors. Yajna Pitra Pitr derived from the word meaning ancestors, who came yajna vein yaj word that means sacrifice. Ancestor is the mother father, grandfather, great-grandfather, and others that are straight lines up, which we reduce. We exist because the mother and father. Mom and Dad there because Grandpa and Grandma, and so on. So we're there for their services. We have been indebted to them. Debt to the ancestors is called Pitra RNA. This debt must be paid, to pay the debt to the ancestors by performing the yajna Pitra. So Pitra yajna is a debt payment to the ancestors. This is the legal basis of the Yajna Pitra it.

Ceremony in honor of ancestors in Hinduism Sradha familiar with the term. This is described in the Dharma Sastra Menawa as follows: "Pitra Yajna ceremony you have to do every day should be done by presenting sraddha rice or with water and milk, with tubers. And thus he please the ancestors. "(MDSI82).

Type - type Ngaben Simple
1. Mendhem Sawa
Mendhem sawa means of burial. Explained in advance that Ngaben in Bali are still given the chance to be postponed temporarily, citing things like that have been described. But beyond that there are philosophical reasons again, which in the manuscript has not found palm. Perhaps this reason is associated with their composition of foundation or philosophical background of this life. The reason is that sarira ragha derived from elements while prthiwi be ducked in the first prthiwi. Ethis which is described so that they can smell prthiwi mother. But need to be reminded that in principle each of the dead must be in aben. For those who still need time to wait while the sawa (bodies) that should be in pendhem (buried) first. Left with Setra penghuluning Goddess (Goddess Durga).
2. Partners Ngaben Yajna
Derived from the word Pitra and Yajna. Pitra means ancestors, the holy yajna means sacrifice. This term is used to list the types Ngaben taught at Yama Lontar Purwana Tattwa, because no definite mention his name. Ngaben said that according to Yama Purwana Tattwa ejection is the Word of Lord Yama. In-Conference Conference did not mention the name of this Ngaben. To distinguish the types of sedehana Ngaben other, then this Ngaben Partners named Yajna.
Implementation of Atiwa-atiwa / burning of the bodies established under the provisions of Yama Purwana Tattwa, especially regarding upakara and implemented within seven days by not choosing an adult (good day).
3. Pranawa
Pranawa is Om Kara script. Is the name of Ngaben that use letters as a symbol sacred sawa. Where the bodies had been buried three days before the ceremony pengabenan held Ngeplugin or Ngulapin. Pejati and pengulapan at Jaba Pura Dalem with bebanten facilities for pejati. When the day pengabenan Jemek and bones are united in pemasmian. Bone under jemeknya above. Then apply the provisions as a new sawa amranawa died. Ngasti to send as well as the provisions of the new sawa amranawa Ngaben died, as has been described.
4. Pranawa Bhuanakosa.
Pranawa Bhuanakosa is teaching of Brahma to Rsi Brghu. Where Ngaben Sawa Bhuanakosa for new people who died while never planted, disetra. If you want a street with mengupakarai Prana Bhuanakosa Wa.
5. Private
Private means lost or missing. Is the name of the sawanya Ngaben (body) does not exist (tan kneng hinulatan), can not be seen, die area distance, while the Setra, and others, all can be done with Ngaben private type. Although the lowly, ordinary, and as a body Uttama (sarira) people who died symbolized by Dyun (urn) as the skin, the thread 12 slobber as muscle, water as meat, 18 pieces of sandalwood comb. Pranawa as voice, ambengan (straw) as the mind, as Recafana glycerine as phallus ongkara life. Three days before the ceremony pengabenan held ngulapin, for those who died in the distance is not known where the place, pengulapan ceremony, can be done diperempatan road. And for a long time in pendhem unknowable pengulapan scar can be done at Jaba Pura Dalem.

Ngaben Adventurous
Adventurous is Ngaben Ngaben held with lively, full laden with equipment upakaranya ceremony. The ceremony was laden Ngaben require financial support and sufficient time to prepare everything. Ngaben laden sawa done well against the recently deceased and to have dipendem sawa. Ngaben full of new sawa dead Prateka called Sawa. While Ngaben loaded against sawa dipendem ever called Sawa Wedhana. Both prateka and sawa sawa wedhana need bebanten equipments and other supporting facilities are very large or many. All were prepared in a long time and require large power tillers. That's why the second type is called Ngaben Ngaben Laden.
Condition of Hindus in the past
In the past, much less before the time of independence, Hindus are very weak condition. Agriculture community as they are very low income. Understanding of Hinduism is very low. Even more so when it was still taboo religious teachings to be studied in general. Wera away motto that people misinterpreted haunted mind. As a result of understanding Hinduism is very low. Incorrectly interpret the notion Ngaben which is identical to Ngaben Ngabehin. If you do not have large funds people will not dare Ngaben. The people did not know there was a simple Ngaben form. Then they rarely Ngaben. If there was anyway they would class Ngaben Mekel, feudal class, the family castle, or Geria.

From time to time, too many people Ngaben. But collectively, either by ngiring (go / passenger) in the castle or any Geria; sometimes from people who think a little forward, carrying out collective Ngaben called Ngagalung. Usually sponsored by banjar. As a result of all that, sawa ancestors had been buried. For years even decades. This is certainly contrary to Ngaben principle.

Hindus conditions present.
Society now has measuki era of industrialization. Bali is especially tourism industry. Industrial society is a society full of bustle. Increasing people's income. Understanding of religious teachings have also increased, the ceremony became more lively. With higher income, the more enthusiastic in carrying out his religious worship. Hinduism for the religious ceremony, including Ngaben just looked more lively. Every man dies most diaben. There are simple and take Ngaben some that take full pengabenan type. Other side effects result from the impact of the tourism industry, is the narrowing of the time. Life mutual cooperation as the past in danger. If there is a Ngaben neighbors, he came uninvited to help work. But now without the law he would not come. If you're asked to, at best, can help 1 to 2 times only. Thank God for the Hindu community in Bali still has Banjar. Banjar is a reliable traditional institutions to maintain unity and mutual assistance. Through banjar Ngaben Hindus who can expect help its citizens. Only a couple of times they can ask for mutual assistance banjar. Apparently banjar institution is still very effective to help the implementation Ngaben.

The types of Ngaben Adventurous:
Ngaben kinds depending on the type Adventurous sawa (bodies) which is diupakarakan Sawa Sawa Prateka and Wedhana.

1. If sawa who had just died diupakarakan called Prateka Sawa. Sawa is the type Ngaben Prateka to sawa (bodies) who died have not been given the funeral. If the conclusion is that atma or urip leaves the body, then sawanya like diupacarakan bath home, sprinkled tirta archers, tarpana food served, with the first atma sent back while on his predecessor. So right at home sawanya the diupakarakan. This is called Sawa Prateka.

2. While the sawa who had been buried (in pendhem) and in aben called Wedhana Sawa. Sawa is the kind Ngaben Wedhana done to the bodies which have obtained the funeral service (ngurug). The sawa which have been planted in his name makingsan Setra, entrusted to the ground. Atman is held by Bhatari Durga. Setra leadership. Sawa prihalnya thus planted. At the time it was called pengupacarakan sawa sawa Wedhana. Three days before pengabenan there upakarannya called ngulapin. Sawa has been dipendhem called tawulan. Tawulan no longer participate diupacarakan this tawulan replaced with pengawak, which is made of sandalwood or wood mejegau the length of a cubit lengkat. And the width of four fingers. Cendana is painted the puppets in place of sawa. Pengawak called sawa karsian. This type of ceremony Ngaben also called Sawa Rsi.

According to the way the division Ngaben
In addition to the distribution by type Ngaben Ngaben above both simple and Ngaben Ngaben loaded, there are unisex division Ngaben views of how implementation is:

1. Ngaben Jump
Jump Ngaben means that this ceremony was performed immediately after the person died. This is usually done for those who may be able to say its economic affairs. In general Ngaben ceremony of preparation requires a long time, at least about 10 days, and even then if the "good days" based on Balinese kalerder count can be determined / selected. While it is usually dead by the dead person would first preserved, either by freezing (ice), or with other chemicals.

2. Bulk Ngaben (ngerit)
As the name suggests mass Ngaben conducted together with many people. In each village in Bali usually has its own rules for this event. Some do every 3 years, there is also every 5 years and there may be others. For the poor, this is a very wise choice, because business costs, so can be minimized. Usually those who have died the family, will be in the grave first. At this mass Ngaben event, the grave was dug up again to collect something that was left of the corpse. Time bone or the other, will be collected and then burned.
Next Ngaben ceremony procession, after cremation, the ashes were then thrown into the sea. Ceremony followed by pick-up the spirits of the sea, before finally placed in the temple of each family. This is usually as described are at the other about the family temple in Balinese Hindu communities, in addition to its function to worship the god also for worship his ancestors.

Whether or Adult Day Ngaben
Intrinsically good time (adult) is an existence repleksi of major natural influences (Buana Agung) of the natural life of the small and nature (the macrocosm) it. The existence of major natural influences on human life and the consequences of interconnected influences really noticed by every Hindu in doing business primarily in the yajna ceremony, in this case Ngaben.
Northward movement of the sun or the earth keselatan of dots in accordance with human vision, as can be seen throughout the year brought a major influence on life on Earth, born bathin. Movement of the sun that is the benchmark in science pesasihan it wariga. And pesasihan a principal basis of the adult, especially adult Ngaben full.

When we consider the situation shifts Sasih caused the sun to the north to south (in view of the human) it will terlihatlah parts-Sasih Sasih and its usefulness for the ceremony what exactly, according to the instructions in the lontar in Bali.

Ngaben Ceremony at the Village Trunyan Bali.
Located on the edge of Lake Batur surrounded by cliffs and hills, the village has many unique Trunyan as an ancient village and the Bali Aga (original Balinese). It is said that there was a Taru tree that smelled of incense is very fragrant. The smell of Queen Cede encouraged to come Pancering Jagat odor source. He met with Ida Ratu Ayu Dalem Pingit around trees Landung pine forest. That's where they married and then accidentally witnessed by Landung forest villagers who were hunting. Taru incense that has been transformed into a goddess who is none other than the wife of Queen Ida Pancering Jagat. Before formalizing the marriage, the Queen Cede bringing people Landung Pine village to set up a village called Taru incense which gradually became Trunyan. The village is located in District of Kintamani, Bangli Regional Level II. Apparently not all Hindus in Bali Ngaben to solemnize the body burning. In Trunyan, the body was not burned, but only placed in the graveyard. Trunyan ancient village which is considered as the village of Bali Aga (original Balinese). Trunya has many unique and the highest charm is unique in treating the body of its citizens. Trunyan has three types of graves which, according to tradition Trunyan village, the three types of graves that were classified by age of the deceased, the integrity of the body and how funerals are:

1. The main cemetery is considered the most sacred and most well known as Wayah Setra.
The bodies were buried in this sacred tomb was the body of his body intact, no disability, and death of the body which is considered normal (not a suicide or accident).
2. The second cemetery is a special young cemetery reserved for babies and adults who are not married. But still with the body condition must be intact and not deformed.
3. The third cemetery is called Sentra Bantas, especially for the disabled body and who died because of the starch and starch behavior (died unnaturally eg accident, suicide).
Of the three types of graves are the most unique and interesting is the main cemetery or sacred graves (Setra Wayah). This cemetery is located about 400 meters in the northern part of the village and bordered by the bulge of the cliff foot of the hill. To bring the bodies to the cemetery must use a special small boat called Pedau bodies. Although known to be buried, but the unique way of burial is known as mepasah. Bodies that have diupacarai according to local tradition placed just above the hole as deep as 20 cm. Some body from the chest up, left open, not buried in the ground. The body is only limited by food shelf made of bamboo to form a sort of cone, used to enclose the body. In Setra Wayah have grave 7 divided into 2 groups. Two holes for a village headman corpse without disabilities is located in the upper reaches and there are still lined up after the 5 second hole this hole that is for ordinary people.
If the hole is full and no more new bodies will be buried, a long body is raised from the hole and then the bodies that occupy the hole. Long bodies, placed just at the edge of the hole. So do not be surprised if the Setra Wayah-tengorak scattered human skull should not be planted or removed. Although not conducted with Ngaben ceremony, funeral ceremony Trunyan village tradition is in principle the same as the meaning and purpose of the death ceremony performed by Hindus on the other Balinese. The ceremony was held to pay debt service on the child's parents. Debt is paid in two stages, the first paid with good behavior when parents are still alive and the second stage when parents die series with ritual behavior in the form of funeral ceremony.